On June 29, 2014, from Mosul, Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi declared himself caliph, transforming the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) into the Islamic State (IS). Though defeated in Iraq in 2017 and losing its last Syrian stronghold in 2019, the group has recently resurged, demonstrating resilience, recruitment efforts, and evolving strategies. Despite lacking territorial control, the threat remains. Researcher Virginie Sauner notes that experts are divided on the current threat posed by ISIS: some consider it weakened, while others believe a comprehensive and coordinated response is necessary to counter a growing transnational threat.